The Great Fatted Bull
Introduction
Tablet #36
Translation
Annotations
Transliteration
Sumerian History
Sumerian Images
The Royal Tombs of Ur
The Standard of Ur:  War
The Standard of Ur:  King
The "Standard" of Ur?
Eannatum
Vulture Stele Translation
Sumerian War Chariots
War Chariot Deconstructed
Ur-Namma Translation
The Face of Ur-Namma
Face of Ur-Namma, part II
I am Ur-Namma
Gudea Translation
The Face of Gudea
Other Sumerian Kings
Sargon's Victory Stele
The Invention of Writing
Adventures in Cuneiform
The Sumerian Scribe
Scribal Social Rankings
Early Old Babylonian?
A Masterpiece
Links
Contact
Site Map
   
 




The seal of Arad-Nanna. He is a sukkal-mah, a high official (like a prime minister or a secretary of the interior). He is the son of Ur-Shul-pa-e, who is also a sukkal-mah. This is obviously a well-established family of the high nobility. Arad-Nanna doesn't hold his hands in the “reverence” position". He seems to saunter into the king's presence. The scene is almost relaxed and familiar, as between two near-equals. This suggests he is a member of the royal family. The goddess who accompanies Arad-Nanna is not a minor goddess with just a single pair of horns on her helmet, as is usually the case. The multiple horns on her helmet indicates that she is a major goddess. Significantly, she has her hands held up in reverence to the king, whereas Arad-Nanna does not.

The scribe Ur-ku-nun-na likewise does not hold up his hands in reverence (see "The Scribe").




The seal of a scribe (drawn to a different scale):. Coincidentally, he is also named Ur-Shul-pa-e. He is a scribe in the the king's court, which would suggest he's a member of the nobility. If so, he is probably of the minor nobility, or he may even be the son of a rich merchant. The scribe is the son of Ur-Ha-ia; who is a nobody, apparently, as no title is given. The king welcomes the scribe into his court, but the protocol is different than the one accorded to the scribe Ur-ku-nun-na. This scribe (Ur-Shul-pa-e) is shown bearing an offering (a kid lamb?) or gift (a statue?) to the king. It indicates that the scribe is of a lesser rank than Ur-ku-nun-na, the son of the kurushda, the animal fattener.

Shu-Suen is the king on both seals. 

                                                                                                     arad2-zu:

Arad2-zu: your servant. Arad means "slave/servant". These signs were carved into the margin outside of the border for the rest of the writing after the seal had already been manufactured. There are many other examples of preexisting cylinder seals with the words "your servant" carved into the margins, almost as an afterthought or a "p.s." It seems that sometime during the reign of Shu-Suen, the phrase "your servant" became part of the royal protocol when addressing the king, and scribes who had made their cylinder seals early in the king's reign later had the words added to their seals. The words "arad-zu" is often translated as "your slave" rather than "your servant", though this seems an unlikely translation in the context of willing service to the king.


The scribe Ur-Shul-pa-e had the words "your servant" added to his cylinder seal at a later date.



Another scribal seal impression showing arad2-zu carved into the margin.